La camiseta de fútbol moderna de moda

La nueva camiseta de fútbol ha recorrido un largo camino desde sus humildes comienzos durante la época victoriana. Durante esta época, no había reglas de vestimenta para los jugadores de fútbol y los dos equipos se distinguían por el color de la gorra o bufandas. No había camisetas ni camisetas de fútbol. La primera camiseta se fabricó en 1879 y en 1883. Realmente se llamaba camiseta. Inicialmente, la fibra gruesa de algodón se usaba en la fabricación para evitar que se rasgaran durante el partido. Pero creó incomodidad para los jugadores ya que era pesado y atrapaba el calor corporal y el sudor de los jugadores. Con el paso del tiempo, con mejores conocimientos técnicos y nuevos materiales, se fabricaron camisetas más ligeras y coloridas.

La nueva camiseta de fútbol está hecha de fibras sintéticas como el poliéster y el nailon, que son más ligeras. También brindan la ventaja añadida de flexibilidad que brinda comodidad al jugador en el juego de fútbol físicamente exigente. Las mallas de poliéster tienen una calidad especial y no permiten que la camiseta atrape el calor corporal y el sudor. Esta característica no se encuentra en las camisas de algodón.

El mar multicolor de espectadores en el estadio vistiendo réplicas de camisetas de selecciones nacionales o de clubes apuntan hacia el amor y el apoyo que los fanáticos tienen por sus respectivos equipos. El color de la bandera suele ser el color de la camiseta del equipo de la selección nacional. Este gran número de seguidores a nivel nacional o de clubes ha resultado en el desarrollo de una industria manufacturera multimillonaria que se dedica a la fabricación de camisetas de fútbol y otros uniformes.

La nueva camiseta de fútbol se ha convertido en soporte de exhibición para marcas de corporaciones famosas, que son patrocinadores oficiales de los equipos de fútbol. El resultado es la publicidad de la marca a escala mundial, debido a la enorme audiencia mundial que atrae el fútbol. Esto ha provocado un salto en las ganancias de las corporaciones a través del aumento de las ventas. La famosa liga inglesa, la Premier League exige que los jugadores lleven el logo de la competición en las mangas de la camiseta.

Los números de la nueva camiseta de fútbol están impresos en la parte posterior de la camiseta según el sistema de numeración de escuadrones introducido por la FIFA. Los números, en los jugadores, siguen siendo los mismos durante todo el torneo. Muchos jugadores han desarrollado el hábito de ceñirse a un número en particular, que creen que les da suerte. El color de las camisetas de los equipos es el mismo que el de la bandera nacional. En el caso del equipo del club, los colores son fuertemente individuales y señalan a un equipo en particular.

Los diseños atractivos de las camisetas se basan en el hecho de que el aficionado debe verse bien cuando las usa. Los diseños complejos y los atractivos esquemas de color han convertido a la nueva camiseta de fútbol en un símbolo de moda. La creciente popularidad del fútbol ha llevado a cambios dramáticos en el diseño y estilo de la camiseta. El aumento de seguidores y el aumento resultante de los ingresos por la venta de las camisetas de réplica ha llenado las arcas de los clubes.

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La camiseta de fútbol: una cuestión de identidad

Absolutamente nada reconoce el juego en particular en torno a las camisetas de fútbol al por mayor real. La camiseta es probablemente la parte más importante del uniforme. Según Lightinthebox, no importa si es un club de golf o quizás un grupo nacional; la camiseta de fútbol real es típica y también distintiva del juego. Es posible saber si una persona está usando una camiseta de fútbol a kilómetros de distancia, de hecho, no solo lo usan los fanáticos del fútbol, ​​sino también porque la mayoría de las camisetas tienen buenos diseños y líneas, lo que permite a las personas para lucirlos en prácticamente cualquier ocasión especial.

Las camisetas de fútbol al por mayor han sufrido muchos cambios a lo largo del tiempo. Al principio, las camisetas reales se producían principalmente de algodón y eran comparativamente pesadas en comparación con las actuales. Fue un problema porque cuando los participantes solían sudar, la camisa se volvía más pesada y seguía tu cuerpo.

En la página de camisetas de Lightinthebox, vemos que las camisetas de fútbol de día envejecido han sido bastante sencillas en lo que respecta al estilo, generalmente blancas o más oscuras junto con polos, como collares para perros durante muchos años, junto con cordones o quizás botones. Algunas personas no saben esto, aunque la popular camiseta sin mangas amarilla brasileña que vemos en estos días no era siempre amarilla. De hecho, era absolutamente blanco junto con collares azules brillantes para perros. Este uniforme particular se aplicaba antes de la conocida derrota ante Uruguay en 1950.

A medida que pasaron las décadas, el fútbol actual incluso se creó junto con el mercado de la sábana. Otra excusa es que el juego real se volvió cada vez más común y también mucho más agresivo.

Hubo un momento en el lugar donde la camiseta de fútbol dejó de ser algodón orgánico y también comenzó a fabricarse con materiales artificiales. Esto hizo que la camiseta fuera mucho más liviana en comparación con los tipos de algodón orgánico y no seguirá el cuerpo alrededor de los tipos de algodón. Con su cambio de fondo, se han producido cambios de estilo, especialmente en los colores. La mayoría de las camisetas todavía tenían cuellos tipo polo. Las camisetas de fútbol al por mayor más modernas están hechas con material de tecnología seca única que no se humedece y no se adhiere al cuerpo del jugador.

En estos días, los clubes nocturnos y los clubes nacionales utilizan la camiseta de fútbol con respecto a las estrategias de marketing, utilizando el nombre o incluso el logotipo de las grandes empresas para la camiseta sin mangas. Lightinthebox Los fanáticos del fútbol generalmente compran camisetas de fútbol al por mayor, específicamente la camiseta del club de golf que estas personas apoyan y también de su grupo nacional en particular. La comercialización de camisetas junto con la categoría de jugadores de fútbol conocidos hace que las ventas de productos suban bastante, especialmente cuando estos jugadores son realmente necesarios para los aficionados. Es muy frecuente ver camisetas junto a nombres como Ronaldinho, Beckham, Zidane, Ronaldo, Henry, Deco, Kaká? Y por lo tanto, muchos otros jugadores famosos que son comunes entre los fanáticos que apoyan a los equipos en los que juegan, pero también entre los fanáticos del fútbol en general. Las selecciones nacionales de fútbol también son muy responsables de la venta de camisetas, especialmente las brasileñas, argentinas, alemanas, italianas, inglesas y francesas.

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Cómo seleccionar una portería de fútbol

¿Está teniendo dificultades para decidir qué arco de fútbol es mejor para usted? Antes de seleccionar una portería de fútbol es importante que te hagas las preguntas quién, qué, dónde y cómo. Las respuestas a estas preguntas lo ayudarán a comprender el tipo de objetivo que mejor se adapta a usted y sus necesidades. También es una buena idea ponerse en contacto con su entrenador de fútbol o con alguien de su comunidad que sea un profesional de fútbol experimentado y con conocimientos.

¿OMS?

¿Quién usará la(s) meta(s)? ¿Va a ser utilizado por un niño, adolescente o adulto? ¿El usuario es un jugador principiante, intermedio o avanzado?

¿Qué?

¿Para qué usará el individuo las metas? ¿Es para mejorar la precisión de tiro, para juegos improvisados ​​o para usar en una escuela, universidad o juego profesional?

¿Dónde?

¿Dónde planea usar la(s) meta(s)? ¿Está en tu patio trasero, en una escuela secundaria o en un estadio? ¿Planeas usarlo en interiores o exteriores?

¿Cómo?

¿Cuánto tienes que gastar? Las porterías de fútbol pueden variar en precio desde $30 para porterías emergentes hasta varios miles de dólares por porterías de fútbol profesional.

Una vez que haya respondido a las preguntas quién, qué, dónde y cómo, estará listo para evaluar los diferentes tipos de objetivos y seleccionar el que mejor se adapte a sus necesidades. A continuación se muestran los diferentes tipos de porterías de fútbol. Por favor, cuando haga su compra, asegúrese de comprobar si se venden en pares o individualmente.

Porterías de fútbol emergentes:

Las ventanas emergentes son generalmente fáciles de montar y muy portátiles. Puede usarlos para jugar en interiores o puede clavarlos en el suelo para jugar al aire libre. El tamaño de estos objetivos suele oscilar entre 2-1/2 pies y 6 pies. Las ventanas emergentes son geniales para juegos pequeños cuando no tienes suficientes personas para que alguien juegue de portero. También son geniales para los niños pequeños que recién están aprendiendo el juego. Las porterías se venden individualmente y en pares y van desde $30 a $150.

Porterías de fútbol de plástico telescópicas plegables:

Estas porterías telescópicas plegables de plástico se pueden ajustar hasta en 9 tamaños diferentes. Son perfectos para partidos o prácticas de fútbol sin porteros, en espacios reducidos y para jugar en el patio trasero. Como objetivo de patio trasero y juvenil, crece con la habilidad y la edad del jugador. Por ejemplo, algunas porterías se pueden ajustar de 3′ de alto x 4′ de ancho a 5′ de alto x 6′ de ancho, con siete tamaños intermedios. Estos objetivos son portátiles y, por lo general, fáciles de montar. Los objetivos generalmente se venden individualmente y oscilan entre $ 100 y $ 200 cada uno.

Porterías de fútbol de lado pequeño:

Las porterías de lados pequeños están diseñadas para patios traseros, ligas juveniles y tiro de destreza para todas las edades. Por lo general, son fáciles de ensamblar y desarmar y se venden en pares. Los precios van desde un par de cientos de dólares hasta mil dólares. El tamaño varía de 2’H x 3’W a 6’H x 18’W.

Goles de la liga de fútbol:

Las porterías de liga están diseñadas para juegos de liga, torneos, prácticas y uso recreativo. Por lo general, son fáciles de almacenar y ensamblar. Los tamaños van desde 4’H x 9’W hasta 8’H x 24’W. Los objetivos varían en precio desde un par de cientos de dólares hasta unos mil dólares, según el tipo de construcción.

Goles oficiales de fútbol:

Las dimensiones de las porterías oficiales se determinan en función de la edad. Cuanto más joven es la edad, por lo general significa que las metas son más pequeñas. Las porterías oficiales suelen estar hechas de acero o aluminio y su precio oscila entre unos 1.000 dólares y varios miles de dólares.

Aunque hay muchas opciones, hacer su tarea antes de comprar porterías de fútbol en venta le asegurará que haga la selección correcta.

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3 ejercicios que te hacen un jugador de fútbol más rápido y más fuerte

Dos de los factores más importantes para ser un buen jugador de fútbol son la velocidad y la fuerza. Además de practicar habilidades para controlar el balón, pasar y disparar, un jugador debe trabajar en acondicionamiento, velocidad y fuerza para competir con los mejores en el campo de fútbol.

Estos tres ejercicios siguientes son un gran comienzo para aumentar la fuerza de la parte inferior del cuerpo de un jugador de fútbol además de trabajar en la agilidad y la velocidad.

1. Sentadillas: las sentadillas son un ejercicio vital para aumentar la fuerza de la parte inferior del cuerpo y el tamaño de los muslos de un jugador de fútbol. Un jugador debe mantener los pies separados a la altura de los hombros y fingir que está sentado en una silla mientras coloca las manos detrás de la cabeza. Los jugadores deben realizar entre diez y doce sentadillas y pueden trabajar hasta dos series para obtener resultados óptimos.

2. Sprints: los sprints son uno de los ejercicios de velocidad más antiguos pero efectivos de los libros. Los jugadores deben hacer entre ocho y doce carreras de unos cincuenta metros después de cada práctica. Esto ayuda a desarrollar tanto la velocidad como la resistencia para situaciones de juego. Cuantos más sprints haga un jugador con el tiempo, más acostumbrados se volverán a correr los músculos de su cuerpo y, a su vez, más efectivos serán.

3. Saltos Pogo – Los saltos Pogo aumentarán la fuerza de las piernas y la capacidad de salto de un aspirante a jugador de fútbol. Para realizar saltos de pogo, los pies de un jugador deben estar separados al ancho de los hombros con los brazos en un ángulo de 90 grados. Luego, los jugadores deben sobresalir hacia arriba y doblar las rodillas para atrapar el aterrizaje. Repita el proceso unas 15 veces muy rápidamente y haga este ejercicio durante dos o tres series.

Haz estos ejercicios y te convertirás en un jugador de fútbol más fuerte y rápido.

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Uniforme de fútbol – Lo básico

Un uniforme de fútbol de calidad hace que un equipo se vea y se sienta genial, es lo suficientemente resistente para sobrevivir incluso en las condiciones de juego más duras y crea solidaridad en el grupo. Debe ser cómodo de usar y capaz de absorber el sudor, lo que ayuda a regular la temperatura corporal del jugador. Los uniformes de fútbol se pueden personalizar para la individualidad del equipo, o un equipo puede pedir y usar copias de los uniformes de sus jugadores de fútbol profesionales favoritos.

El fútbol es una gran manera de hacer que los niños se mantengan activos y enseñarles sobre el trabajo en equipo y el juego cooperativo. Estas son algunas de las cosas que un pequeño jugador de fútbol necesitará para completar su uniforme de fútbol:

Jersey

Las camisetas de fútbol para jóvenes vienen en muchos colores y patrones, generalmente con un color dominante y una raya decorativa en los costados y las mangas. Los colores se pueden especializar o elegir de una lista proporcionada por una empresa de suministros de fútbol. Las mangas son cortas, el cuello redondo o en pico y la tela está hecha de poliéster, mezclas de algodón o nailon. Algunos uniformes de fútbol tienen un patrón tejido en la tela, lo que lo hace llamativo. Es importante que las camisetas sean livianas, duraderas, transpirables y que puedan mantener su color sin decolorarse.

Bermudas

Los pantalones cortos de uniforme de fútbol deben ofrecer al jugador mucho apoyo sin ser demasiado apretados o restrictivos. La malla lateral permite el flujo de aire y un cordón en la cintura permite un ajuste perfecto. Los pantalones cortos de fútbol generalmente están hechos de poliéster, son de punto o tejidos, y tienen una entrepierna de 3 a 4 pulgadas para tallas jóvenes. Es importante que los pantalones cortos de fútbol se ajusten cómodamente, nunca rocen la piel ni restrinjan el movimiento. Los pantalones cortos demasiado holgados también dificultarán la capacidad de carrera del jugador.

tacos

Los tacos cómodos y bien ajustados son una parte esencial de un uniforme de fútbol. Los tacos mal ajustados provocan ampollas, esguinces de tobillo y caídas. Cuando compre botines para niños, asegúrese de que le queden cómodos incluso con los calcetines y las espinilleras puestos y tenga en cuenta el clima y las condiciones de juego.

Medias

Los calcetines pueden no parecer muy significativos, pero pueden hacer o deshacer un uniforme de fútbol. Los buenos calcetines mantienen los pies del jugador secos, calientes y protegidos de las ampollas. El material sintético funciona mejor para los calcetines de fútbol, ​​porque los calcetines tradicionales de algodón absorben el sudor y se mantienen húmedos. Esto puede provocar ampollas. Los calcetines de calidad hacen que los zapatos de fútbol sean más cómodos y protegen los pies de los estragos del correr constante.

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Los fanáticos van en línea ahora para comprar camisetas de fútbol

Más especialmente en estos días, los jugadores ya no solo usan camisetas de fútbol en el campo; los fanáticos también están preparados y rugiendo. Estos seguidores encuentran el tiempo y el dinero para comprar camisetas de fútbol que pueden usar para el juego. Como cada vez más personas prefieren usar camisetas como símbolo de apoyo a sus equipos, la tendencia se ha vuelto muy popular. Se ve a personas de todas las edades y nacionalidades usando camisetas, pero la locura realmente se ha apoderado de los jóvenes que van a la universidad.

Las ventas de camisetas de fútbol ganan aún más impulso cuando se avecinan partidos internacionales como la Copa del Mundo y la Eurocopa. La gente acude en masa a las tiendas de fútbol para comprar camisetas de fútbol meses antes de estas competiciones. Las tiendas de deportes se preparan con anticipación y se abastecen de las camisetas porque saben cuán alta es la demanda de ellas. Los que pueden permitírselo van a por los auténticos. Estas son las camisetas de fútbol originales que usan los jugadores. La mayoría de estas camisetas se subastan al mejor postor. Los precios casi siempre terminan muy altos porque hay tantos fanáticos ávidos que matarían solo por comprar una camiseta de fútbol para su colección.

Las camisetas auténticas también se usan incluso después de que finaliza la temporada de fútbol. Los colores brillantes que tienen estas camisas de manga corta son una gran adición al conjunto de una persona a la moda. Dado que el material utilizado en estas camisetas es liviano, son muy cómodas para usar de forma informal o durante los días activos. Si desea comprar una camiseta auténtica, lo mejor es ir a las tiendas populares que venden dichos artículos o ir directamente a la tienda de merchandising del equipo para obtener sus equipos oficiales. Los precios pueden ser muy altos ya que estas son las ofertas reales. Algunas de estas camisetas también están autografiadas.

Aparte de los originales, hay réplicas que se venden más baratas. Estos también son populares, ya que cualquiera puede obtener uno y recolectar tantos como pueda para adaptarse a cada juego que ve. Los compradores deben tener cuidado con las réplicas que se venden como auténticas; tienen un precio mucho más alto de lo que deberían vender. No querrás terminar pagando por una réplica que pronto quedará obsoleta con el final de la temporada. Muchas de las tiendas de fútbol ahora también tienen sus tiendas en línea. Esto hace que sea más fácil para las personas comprar camisetas de fútbol, ​​ya que solo deben iniciar sesión en una cuenta para ver todo el catálogo de camisetas de fútbol disponibles. La mayoría de las tiendas tienen todas las marcas, equipos y países para que un fanático pueda tener en sus manos tantas camisetas como pueda.

Los sitios web de las tiendas de fútbol te lo ponen fácil, ya que tienen un carrito donde puedes resumir todas las camisetas en las que has hecho clic. Al finalizar la compra, se le entregará un estado de cuenta que puede pagar a través de instalaciones en línea con tarjeta de crédito asegurada. Las camisetas se entregarán por correo postal o mensajería en uno o dos días, según la disponibilidad de la camiseta elegida. Los fanáticos también pueden recibir actualizaciones periódicas sobre los últimos lanzamientos de camisetas de fútbol por correo electrónico. Estos sitios web presentan noticias deportivas, blogs y otra información que podría ser de interés para los fanáticos del fútbol.

Con estas tiendas que ahora atienden a millones en línea, uno puede comprar camisetas de fútbol de manera rápida y más conveniente también.

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Head Injury Prevention in Ice Skating

Introduction

Physical activity is an essential part of being healthy. In children, activity helps build strong bones and muscles, decreases the likelihood of developing obesity, and promotes positive mental health. Children are recommended to have 60 minutes or more of physical activity daily.

In the United States, more than 30 million children and teens participate in sports. Of that number, approximately 3.5 million children and adolescents ages fourteen and under are hurt annually while participating in recreational activities. In 2002, The National Safe Kids Campaign estimated that 13,700 children were treated in hospital emergency rooms for ice skating related injuries. Many of these are preventable head injuries if protective equipment, such as helmets or halos, is used.

Gliding across the ice, with the cool wind whipping across a skater’s face is an exhilarating feeling. One push can propel a skater far down the glistening, snowy surface. Worrying about a head injury is often far from a skater’s mind, as many participants are not aware of the possibility of head injury from ice skating. The goals of this article are to raise awareness about potential head injury from ice skating and to promote the use of helmets in skating, similar to what is required in cycling, skiing, and ice hockey.

Review of Injury Statistics

A concussion is a mild form of head injury, usually due to a blow to the head, which may cause disorientation, memory loss, or unconsciousness. Repeated concussions and loss of consciousness can result in traumatic brain injury or TBI.

An estimated 10% of all head and spinal cord injuries are due to sports related activities. Socially, athletes can feel undue pressure from family, coaches, and teammates to return to play quickly after a head injury. These influences can prevent an athlete from receiving the medical care he or she requires. In particular, parents and coaches can push their children too hard in an attempt to fulfill their own athletic aspirations. Athletes who return to play too soon or who suffer repeated injury to the head can develop chronic traumatic encephalopathy, or CTE, whose symptoms can include slowed speech, confusion, tremors, and mental deterioration. Most recently, CTE gained media attention when a settlement was reached with the National Football League, or NFL and thousands of players and families. The case, which involved more than 4,500 plaintiffs, calls for the NFL to pay for medical exams, compensation, and research related to head injuries sustained while playing professional football. Plaintiffs are committed to making the game safer at all levels and to educate the public; including parents of the four million children who play youth and high school football. Plaintiffs are committed to helping the focus on player safety trickle down to the youth level.

Awareness and education are key factors in injury prevention and return to play decisions. When an athlete suffers a head injury, a sideline assessment using the Standardized Assessment of Concussion should be completed by a medical professional. If a physician is not available, the coach can complete a basic assessment, until medical attention is available. The assessment includes tests of eye response, verbal response, and motor response. Telling a child to «shake it off» could have a grave impact on the child’s long term health.

Research concluded that safety measures in organized sports should include helmet requirements. There are approximately 230,000 cases of hospitalization due to traumatic brain injury annually of which 80,000 suffer long term disability and 50,000 result in fatalities. Five to twenty percent of these injuries are incurred during sports and recreational activities. Organized team sports, in particular football, soccer and ice hockey, have high instances of concussion annually in addition to recreational sports such as skating and bicycling. Helmets that are properly fitted and worn by participants of these activities can help reduce the risk of head injury among participants.

Sports and Helmet Rules

Cycling

In March 2003, professional cyclist Andrey Kivilev collided with two other riders during the Paris Nice ride. Kivilev was not wearing a helmet and catapulted head first off his bicycle. He fell immediately into a coma and was diagnosed with a serious skull fracture. Kivilev underwent surgery, but died shortly thereafter due to the severity of the head injury. He was 29 years old and the leader of the Cofidis cycling team. His death triggered the International Cycling Union, or UCI to implement compulsory wearing of helmets in all endorsed races.

Helmets protect the head by reducing the rate at which the skull and the brain are accelerated and decelerated during an impact effectively acting as a shock absorber between the force of the impact and the brain. Upon impact, the polystyrene liner of the helmet crushes thereby dissipating energy over a wider area. Instituting mandatory helmet policies in sports proves to be a divisive and controversial issue. Although research has demonstrated that helmets reduce injury in low speed crashes, helmet evidence is not conclusive with respect to high speed crashes. Kivilev’s accident occurred at approximately 35 kilometers per hour or about 22 miles per hour which is considered relatively low speed. At the time, he was ranked among the top 100 racers in the world.

Due to his high profile in the global cycling community, Kivilev’s death elevated the helmet debate into the media spotlight. Following this seminal UCI rule change, USA Cycling also revised their helmet policy to provide that in order to host an event sanctioned by USA Cycling, all participants are required to wear helmets.

In recreational cycling in the United States, bicycle helmet laws can vary widely. Currently, only twenty one states and the District of Columbia have instituted helmet laws for bicyclists below a certain age, which is generally 16 years-old. California requires helmets for riders 18 years and younger and only the Virgin Islands requires helmets for all riders. Twenty nine states have no bicycle helmet laws currently in place.

Researchers conducted a study which demonstrates helmet usage. This study directly observed 841 children in Texas who participated in bicycle riding, in line skating, skateboarding, and scooter riding over an eight week period. Whereas helmet rules vary county to county within Texas, most counties require helmets for riders age 16 years-old and younger. This study employed a randomly selected sample of children engaging in such activities from communities with populations equal to or greater than 1000. Children under 6 years-old, females and those riding on specified bike paths were found to wear helmets more frequently than other children.

Several factors often contribute to children not wearing helmets. During warmer months, children complain about high temperatures and accordingly are less inclined or willing to wear their helmets as riders feel they do not have proper ventilation inside the helmet. Parental knowledge and awareness is another contributing factor. Parents are often unfamiliar with applicable helmet laws nor are they informed of the potential risks of injury resulting from the failure to wear proper safety equipment. In a study examining data from1990 2005, there were in excess of 6,000,000 cases of children age 18 years-old and younger treated in emergency rooms for bicycle related injuries.

Skiing

In March 2009, actress Natasha Richardson sustained a head injury while taking a routine, beginner ski lesson. Initially she refused medical attention, however seven hours later, she was admitted to the hospital suffering from an epidural hematoma, a type of traumatic brain injury. She succumbed to her injuries and died the following day. Michael Kennedy, son of Robert F. Kennedy, died in 1997 following a skiing accident in Aspen, Colorado. A week later, Sonny Bono, television star and politician, died on the slopes of South Lake Tahoe. Richardson, Kennedy, and Bono were not wearing helmets.

Researchers studied injury rates at the three largest ski areas in Scotland during three winter seasons. The study found that first day participants are at an increased risk of injury due in part to low skill levels amongst the beginners. They concluded that first day participants should be targeted in educational programs about gear selection and protective equipment.

A study of skiers and snowboarders was conducted in Colorado where approximately 10 fatalities occur annually. Among the fatally injured, head injury proved the cause of death in 87.5% of the cases and none were wearing helmets. Of the 400 skiers and snowboarders admitted to the hospital with traumatic brain injuries, only five were wearing helmets. In the most serious case, the patient ascended off a 40 foot cliff, landed on his head, cracking his helmet in half. Whereas he sustained a severe concussion with unconsciousness, the computed topography, or CT scan proved negative and with inpatient rehabilitation, the patient has made a full recovery and is attending college.

In 2011, New Jersey Governor Chris Christie signed a bill into law requiring all skiers and snowboarders under 18 years to wear helmets with the intent to reduce head injuries on the slopes. California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger signed a similar bill in 2010 however the measure was nullified following his veto of a companion bill that would have required California ski resorts to submit safety plans and reports to state officials. At the professional levels, the governing body of skiing, the Federation Internationale de Ski, requires a helmet as mandatory equipment for all downhill and Super G events.

Ice Hockey

In 1968, Bill Masterson of the Minnesota North Stars landed headfirst on the ice after being checked by two players from the Oakland Seals. He was not wearing a helmet and as a direct result died due to the severity of his head injury. Prior to this incident, the helmets use had been stigmatized which contributed to a lack of widespread use. However, as a consequence of this incident, the stigma surrounding the use of helmets began to diminish and ultimately in 1979, the National Hockey League, or NHL instituted a mandatory helmet policy. The policy did not apply uniformly at the outset as certain veteran players were grandfathered out of the new requirement. Such players elected to continue playing without helmets alongside new players who were subject the policy. Initially, the NHL and the players themselves faced harsh criticism from fans and the media. Despite the clear evidence of risks associated without helmets, some believed the policy harmed the integrity of the game and diminished the players’ masculinity.

Since the policy was first instituted more than three decades ago, significant research supporting the value and need for helmets has been documented. The hockey community has become supportive of the rule change particularly as a significant number of current hockey enthusiasts have never experienced the sport in which helmets were not employed and required. As with many elements of professional sports, the helmet policy was then instituted within youth hockey. The youth hockey governing board, USA Hockey, not only requires all players to wear helmets, they have mandated that all helmets employed by the players must be approved by the Hockey Equipment Certification Council, or HECC. Additionally, beginning in 2006, USA Hockey extended the helmet requirement to coaches who must wear helmets during on ice practice. The requirement for coaches provides the dual benefit of increased safety for all on ice participants as well as an opportunity for the authority figure to model appropriate safety practices. This continues to reinforce the value and importance of the use of safety equipment and in turn minimizes any residual stigma associated with wearing helmets on the ice.

In order to meet the requirements of the HECC, all helmets must undergo rigorous testing procedures including, without limitation, verifying the sufficiency of the coverage area, the quality of the protective material, and the degree of shock absorption. Aside from the specifications, the age, amount of use and type of each helmet all serve to impact the helmet’s effectiveness. The use of helmets with facial protection has proven effective in order to significantly decrease player injury at the amateur level. Whereas ice hockey is by nature a contact sport and checking is a significant cause of injury, the potential for injury is heightened further due to speed and surface tension. A study was conducted a study of 192 high schools in which 7,257 sports related injuries from 20 different sports were reported. From this total sample, 1,056, or 14.6% of injuries were concussions, 24% of which were sustained during boys’ ice hockey.

Ice Skating

In 1999, United Skates Pairs figure skaters, J. Paul Binnebose and Laura Handy were on track to make the 2002 Olympic team. While training at the University of Delaware, with Coach Ron Luddington, Binnebose fell on the ice, fracturing his skull. He suffered seizures, his heart stopped twice, and he was in a coma. Doctors removed a piece of his skull, allowing his brain to swell without pressure and heal. He was given a 10% chance of survival. Against the odds, he recovered.

Although the media widely publicizes celebrity sports related accidents, J. Paul Binnebose was not a well known star around the world. His story did not receive international media attention, but it is well known within the figure skating world. He and his coach have been working toward a helmet rule in skating for over a decade. They contend that many of the skating related injuries could be prevented or minimized with the use of a helmet.

Research suggests this notion is correct. An examination of pediatric skating related injuries was conducted in the years 1993-2003. The researchers sampled 1,235,467 children from emergency rooms with skating related injuries. Non random, purposeful sampling was used in this study. The data was collected from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System, or NEISS, and the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, known as CPSC.

The NEISS system has consumer product codes for each type of activity. Injuries were identified as ice skating, roller skating, or in line skating related, and coded accordingly. Ice hockey, roller hockey, and skateboarding were excluded from the study. Variables included the child’s gender and age, site of the injury, type of skating activity, mechanism of injury, use of protective equipment, and the injury diagnosis. Further, the injuries were categorized into 5 regions of the body.

The Centers for Disease Control report during the years 2001-2005, more than 200,000 emergency room visits for concussions and other traumatic brain injuries were recorded annually in the United States. Of those, 65% were found to be children ages 5 18 years-old who were participating in a sport or recreational activity. Children are at a greater risk for traumatic brain injuries with increased severity and a prolonged recovery. Thirty categories of sports and recreation head injuries were examined. Most of the sports demonstrated 2 7% annual emergency room visits for concussions and traumatic brain injuries. However, horseback riding, all terrain vehicle riding, and ice skating reported the highest instances of emergency room visits for traumatic brain injuries, with ice skating at 11.4%. Horseback riding and all terrain vehicle riding are activities where a secondary force carries the participant at a potentially high rate of speed; ice skating is a self propelled activity.

Researchers studied 419 children with injuries from ice skating, skateboarding, roller skating, and in line skating with the focus on head injury. Most injuries were to the face; 23 of 60 cases, 38.3%; and 12 additional injuries were to the head; 20%. Adult supervision was reported in 98.2% of the cases, and 78% reported no protective equipment use. The proportion of head injuries among ice skaters was greater than the participants in other types of skating, for which helmet use is recommended or required. Currently, there are no formal guidelines regarding the use of protective equipment in ice skating; however, studies show helmet use should be mandated for children.

A study of 80 patients who visited the Accident Service at John Radcliffe Hospital in Oxford for ice skating related injuries found that 56% were beginner skaters, defined as having skated less than 10 times. Eighty two and a half percent of the patients were 11 to 25 years-old. The study suggests that children who are beginner skaters are more likely to sustain injury than experienced skaters. Other research studies show similar results. In a study of 43 patients admitted to the Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital with ice skating related injuries, 65% were first time skaters. The study found need for increased public awareness about the risk of potential injury from ice skating and for preventative measures to improve safety.

Insurance companies strongly urge skating facilities to post a warning potential of risks at the entrance of the buildings, which releases the facilities from general liability. However, people visiting ice skating rinks are not well informed about the potential risks of the activity before arrival. Often they do not read posted placards. If provided with the background knowledge, ahead of their visit to the ice skating rink, many guests would have the opportunity to bring safety equipment from home. A need exists for a public awareness campaign.

Positive Effect of Sports Involvement

An ice skating rink is a place for children to visit on a regular basis, during their out of school time, to engage in positive, fun exercise. The key to helping the child enjoy their experience, and continue to return to the ice skating rink, is to make sure they have a positive first experience. This may not mean becoming an expert skater, but becoming competent on the ice that he/she can have a positive social experience and be «ice safe.» In order for this to happen, the participants must learn to skate with the proper safety equipment, including helmets. Once they learn the skill, he/she will continue to return to the facility with their friends. Having a positive place to go during out of school time will help the children avoid risky behaviors.

Conclusion

Cycling, skiing, and hockey have made changes in their safety guidelines based on the trends and statistics of head injuries in the sport. As the governing body for skating, the International Skating Union, known as the ISU has to take action to require worldwide helmet use for skaters. Once the ISU takes the first step, member countries can incorporate helmet rules into basic training programs and begin a public awareness campaign. Reducing the incidents of head injury will improve the overall safety of the sport. As safety improves, more people will continue participating in the sport of ice skating.

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Living With ALS

Hello, my name is Buddy Sowell and I have ALS (Lou Gehrig’s Disease). In September 2007 I visited a Neurologist to get some answers as to why my muscles were persistently twitching. I had some muscle cramping & slight fatigue, but thought nothing of it. After some seemingly useless muscle strength testing, Dr Dooley looked at me with obvious concern on his face. I thought it was maybe the fact that he was in his upper 80s and he always looked that way…anyway, he suggested that I see a Neurology specialist named Dr. Robert Baloh at Washington University Medical Center. After some intense and painful testing and months of excruciating waiting… I was surprisingly diagnosed with ALS. «You’ve got to be kidding» I remember saying…

Never in a million years would I have guessed that something like this would have happened to me and to my family. My wife Lori and my daughters Carly and Casey are my entire world. I love them more than words can describe. They have all made me a better person. My prognosis is uncertain, but I will fight. My loving family doesn’t deserve this…so I fight for them.

Lori and I talked canididly about what we should do next. We decided to take advantage of what time we still have together and focus on having fun as a family. No more putting off travel plans. Let’s try to do as much as we can right now. I know people who have a «live for today» mentality, and I truly believe that we should all follow that philosophy. NEVER turn down a chance to have fun.

My dilemma: How do I tell my friends and family? Do I wait for the condition to worsen, or get the word out now and get the initial shock over with? I look normal, so maybe now would be a better choice before I’m in a wheel chair or look sickly. I don’t want anyone to look at me differently. I don’t want any special attention and I certainly don’t want anyone to feel sorry for me. (Thanks for those few who knew about me earlier and didn’t mention it.)

One of my fears is that someone will get the idea to offer up a special intention for me at church…and I’ll slowly sink into the pew. I appreciate the thoughts and prayers, but please don’t do that. I’ll find a way to get you back…

Seriously, my choice is to tell people as I see them or make contact by email. Since I don’t get out much, email seems the easiest way.

Now, on a more positive note, Dr. Baloh’s Lab has made progress in converting skin stem cells into nerve cells in mice. I know I’m not a mouse, but it’s a huge step. Once this science is further along, nerve cells (from stem cells) can be utilized to replace damaged nerve cells and hopefully find a cure for ALS and many other neurological diseases.

Just what is ALS? (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis) is a motor neuron disease, first described in 1869 by the noted French neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot. Although the cause is not completely understood, the last decade has brought a wealth of new scientific understanding about the disease that provides hope for the future.

Lou Gehrig first brought national and international attention to the disease in 1939 when he abruptly retired from baseball after being diagnosed with ALS. Most commonly, the disease strikes people between the ages of 40 and 70, and as many as 30,000 Americans have the disease at any given time. This disease has cut short the lives of other such notable and courageous individuals as Hall of Fame pitcher Jim «Catfish» Hunter, Senator Jacob Javits, actors Michael Zaslow and David Niven, creator of Sesame Street Jon Stone, television producer Scott Brazil, boxing champion Ezzard Charles, NBA Hall of Fame basketball player George Yardley, pro football player Glenn Montgomery, golfer Jeff Julian, golf caddie Bruce Edwards, British soccer player Jimmy Johnstone, musician Lead Belly (Huddie Ledbetter), photographer Eddie Adams, entertainer Dennis Day, jazz musician Charles Mingus, composer Dimitri Shostakovich, former vice president of the United States Henry A. Wallace and U.S. Army General Maxwell Taylor.

ALS is a neurodegenerative disease that usually attacks both upper and lower motor neurons and causes degeneration throughout the brain and spinal cord. A common first symptom is a painless weakness in a hand, foot, arm or leg, which occurs in more than half of all cases. Other early symptoms include speech swallowing or walking difficulty. The biological mechanisms that cause ALS are only partially understood. The only known cause of ALS is a mutation of a specific gene: the SOD1 gene. This mutation is believed to make a defective protein that is toxic to motor nerve cells. The SOD1 mutation, however, accounts for only 1 or 2 percent of ALS cases, or 20 percent of the familial (inherited) cases. Familial ALS represents between five to 10 percent of all cases. The rest arise spontaneously and mysteriously, making seemingly random attacks on previously healthy adults. ALS can strike anyone, anytime.

Physicians have limited choices for treating ALS, and the options that do exist have come into use within the last 10 years. Studies suggest that patients’ length of survival and quality of life are enhanced by night-time breathing assistance early in the course of the disease and by aggressive application of alternate feeding options to assure good nutrition once swallowing becomes difficult. At this time, riluzole is the only drug that has been approved by the FDA for treatment of ALS. In clinical trials, riluzole has shown a slight benefit in modestly increasing survival time.

Stem cell and gene therapy are promising areas of research. In a variety of studies, ALS mouse models are being used to develop treatments that may someday lead to similar human clinical trials. Gene therapy is one field of research where The ALS Association is concentrating support for more study. If you would like to send a donation click here.

More significant advances of research into ALS has occurred in the last decade than all of the time since Charcot identified the disease. Advances in technology and the genetic revolution are aiding researchers in unlocking the ALS mystery. As more scientists focus on this perplexing disease, the outlook for new understanding brightens each day.

What Are Stem Cells?

Stem cells, also known as progenitor cells, are cells that have not undergone differentiation to acquire a specific structure or role; they have the potential to self-renew, divide, and differentiate into specialized cell types. They are also sometimes termed «pluripotential» or «undifferentiated» cells because they can differentiate and develop into various cell lines. The differentiation of stem cells into mature cells is tightly regulated; otherwise, intricate plants and animals, with their many interrelated tissues, organs, and systems, could not exist.

By contrast, mature or differentiated cells have acquired specific structures and roles, and in many cases have lost the ability to divide and replicate. Also in contrast to stem cells, malignant cells or «dedifferentiated» cells divide in an uncontrolled fashion, and rather than resulting in useful, differentiated, or specialized cells, these types of cells threaten to kill the organism.

Stem cell differentiation must be turned on, given direction, and turned off as needed in order to properly supply the basic building blocks of tissues in different organ systems. This requirement for precise regulation applies to an even greater degree to the differentiation of neuronal progenitor cells, because effective neural function depends on establishing precise linkages and interactions between different individual neurons and classes of neurons.

By definition, stem cells, including neuronal progenitor cells, are present in embryos. Stem cells may be found in umbilical cord blood. In adults, these cells are present in bone marrow and in other organs in which controlled self-renewal is needed. Neuronal progenitor cells have also been shown to persist into adulthood in specific brain locations near the ventricles where they support ongoing learning and the establishment of new memories through their division, differentiation, migration, and insertion into new circuitry.

Is There a Role for Stem Cell Therapy? Stem cells could help patients with ALS in several ways. Ideally, they could be induced to differentiate into lower motor neurons in order to replace those neurons that die because of ALS. Perhaps stem cells could rescue dying motor neurons by reconnecting these neurons to partly denervated muscle before it has died completely. Better yet, they could be induced to differentiate into upper motor neurons in the cortex and connect to the lower motor neurons.

Unfortunately, the expectation that stem cells will play such a regenerative role in patients with Lou Gehrig’s disease is unrealistic because of the complexity of the task, which presents obstacles that currently are insurmountable. A more realistic expectation for stem cells is that they play a supportive role in maintaining the viability of or extending the function of surviving motor neurons. The stem cells could be induced to differentiate into supporting cells, glia, or interneurons that might produce factors that would support motor neurons, or perhaps the stem cells themselves might produce such factors.

What Do Existing Data Suggest?

Recent data from Clement and colleagues show that in chimeric, genetically engineered mouse models, motor neurons carry mutated SOD1 genes and glial cells carry healthy genes. Survival is extended in these chimeric mice, as compared with nonchimeric mice in which all motor neurons and all glial cells carry mutated SOD1 genes. This finding suggests that if healthy stem cells could get to the spinal cords of patients with ALS, their survival might also be extended. It remains to be determined whether a mechanism that compensates for a particular genetic error would apply to sporadic patients without that error. Nevertheless, even if this form of therapy were effective only for patients with familial disease, it would be a great leap forward.

In previous experiments, intraspinal transplantation of neurons derived from a human teratoma cell line was shown to ameliorate dysfunction and extend survival in G93A SOD1 transgenic mice. Furthermore, the life span of G93A SOD1 mice was extended by intravenous administration of human umbilical cord blood. The cells were shown to have migrated into the spinal cord and brain parenchyma and survived 10-12 weeks after infusion. They exerted their beneficial effect even though only a low number of transplanted cells expressed neural antigens. In another study, Sertoli cells, which are not neuronal stem cells, were implanted in the spinal cords of SOD1 transgenic mice and were shown to provide temporary protection to motor neurons in their proximity. However, viable Sertoli cells were not present at the time when the animals died.

Preliminary trials with autologous hematopoietic stem cells have been reported in humans. In one, peripheral blood-purified CD34+ cells were injected intrathecally into 3 patients with ALS. None reported side effects after 6-12 months, but no clinical efficacy was reported. In another, 7 patients received intraspinal transplantation of autologous bone marrow-derived stem cells. Minor postoperative adverse events were transient, but muscle strength continued to decline. After 3 months, however, the investigators reported a trend toward slowing of the decline in the proximal muscle groups of the lower limb in 4 patients and a mild increase in strength in 2 patients. Lack of placebo controls and longer follow-up preclude any inferences of efficacy from this study and none were made by the investigators.

Stem Cell Research: Ethics, Economics, Policy, and Public Health

The ethics of performing human studies at this early stage of stem cell research have been questioned, emphasizing the risks of premature human trials. Reports of stem cell transplantation performed in China without peer review of objective data on each patient before, immediately after, and at specific long-term points following the transplantation do not provide sufficient scientific evidence to demonstrate that the treatment is safe and effective.

«It is critical that scientists and clinicians are cautious, plan rigorous studies, and most importantly focus on key laboratory experiments that will provide answers to the many challenges that still face this therapeutic approach,» wrote Lucie Bruijn, PhD, the Science Director and Vice President of the ALS Association. «For this therapy to be safe and have potential in the clinic, it is critical that the appropriate studies are conducted to learn more about the properties and complexities of the various stem cells.»

In response to limitations on the type of stem cell research that may be performed with federal funds, the American Academy of Neurology and the American Neurological Association — the 2 leading professional neurology organizations in the United States — have both gone on record expressing the belief that both embryonic and adult stem cell research should be pursued rigorously and under close scrutiny, while respecting the concerns of their members and the public, regarding important ethical principles and values pertaining to research with human embryonic stem cells.

The scientific concerns are 2-fold. First, because the realistic likelihood for success of any individual research effort is low, parallel research in multiple directions is imperative for the field to advance rapidly. The essence of research is trial and error, which operates by identifying ineffective directions and thereby focusing on those that hold promise. It is usually a long time between initiating research and realizing a successful treatment with clinical applications. Therefore, any delay in identification of a potentially effective therapeutic intervention translates into delaying treatments for patients with the diseases in question. Second, excluding particular types of research from federal funding may translate into an exclusion of this research from federal oversight and protections, which might lead to its migration overseas. This may be detrimental to individual patients and to the broader community of patients, clinicians, and scientists.

In November 2004, California citizens approved a referendum measure to issue bonds to fund stem cell research, including embryonic stem cell research at $300 million a year for 10 years. Since then, several other states (Illinois, New Jersey, Maryland, New York, Delaware, and Wisconsin) are considering, or being asked to consider, initiatives for state-funded stem cell research to fill the federal funding gap. This is motivated, in part, by the desire to remain on the forefront of medical research and avert a brain drain toward states that provide an economic environment more conducive to cutting-edge research. The ripple effect of the California initiative is expected to result in acceleration of stem cell research nationwide.

Conclusion

Stem cell research carries promise for patients with ALS and may result in the development of new treatments to slow the progression of the disease. This hope needs to be tempered with caution because of the early stages of stem cell research in general, and in ALS in particular, and because of the track record of the limited efficacy of all pharmacologic interventions in transgenic murine and sporadic human ALS. Meticulous attention to the ethics and scientific rigor of future stem cell research should be supported by clinicians, scientists, and participating patients alike.

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Accidentes automovilísticos – Cómo obtener un auto de alquiler

Si su automóvil se destroza en un choque, hay dos posibilidades: usted tuvo la culpa o no.

Si tuviste la culpa, puedes obtener un auto de alquiler de tu propia compañía de seguros SI tienes cobertura de auto de alquiler.

Si usted no tuvo la culpa, puede obtener un auto de alquiler del seguro del conductor culpable. Algunas leyes estatales requieren que la compañía de seguros del conductor culpable pague el «costo de transporte razonablemente incurrido» o el «costo de alquiler razonablemente incurrido de un vehículo sustituto» durante el tiempo en que se repara el vehículo dañado.

El seguro del conductor culpable generalmente no autorizará un auto de alquiler hasta que pueda hablar con su asegurado y confirmar que efectivamente tuvo la culpa. Esto puede ser un problema si su asegurado no está disponible o si miente sobre el accidente.

La mayoría de las empresas pagarán una cantidad fija, por ejemplo, $20 por día. Sin embargo, si hay circunstancias especiales que requieren un vehículo similar a su vehículo dañado, informe a la compañía de seguros de esas necesidades para ver si cubrirán o no esos costos.

Necesita un automóvil, cualquier automóvil, así que discuta por un automóvil que sea como el suyo, pero ahora necesita volver a la carretera. Tienes niños para llevar a la práctica de fútbol y tienes que ir a trabajar por la mañana, por lo que «mantenerse en principio» puede no ser el mejor enfoque. Tienes que elegir tus batallas y, en este momento, tu principal necesidad es volver a tener dispositivos móviles.

Si no puede conducir su automóvil después del accidente y no se le proporciona un automóvil de alquiler, es posible que tenga derecho a recibir dinero por la pérdida de uso.

Esto dependerá de:

(1) el valor de alquiler del automóvil;

(2) la pérdida de ingresos que probablemente habría obtenido al usar el automóvil; y,

(3) lo que gastó para disminuir su pérdida, por ejemplo, si alquiló un automóvil por su cuenta.

Está ampliamente aceptado que el derecho a la compensación por la pérdida de uso de un vehículo no depende de que el propietario haya alquilado un automóvil de reemplazo durante el período de dicha pérdida de uso.

Por ejemplo, en Hillman v. Bray Lines, Inc., el Tribunal de Apelaciones de Colorado otorgó una compensación a un conductor de camión por lo que le habría costado alquilar un semirremolque comparable, aunque el conductor del camión en realidad no alquiló uno.

Y el Tribunal Superior de Nueva Jersey en Camaraza v. Bellavia Buick Corp confirmó una adjudicación de dinero por pérdida de uso cuando el propietario del automóvil sufrió inconvenientes debido a la pérdida de uso del vehículo, aunque no se obtuvo un vehículo de reemplazo.

Pero este principio se demuestra mejor en un caso de la Corte Suprema de Wisconsin: Murray v. Holiday Rambler, Inc.

En el caso de Murray, el comprador de una casa rodante defectuosa demandó al vendedor de la casa rodante alegando que él y su familia habían resultado dañados por la pérdida del uso de la casa rodante.

En el juicio, el comprador testificó que la casa rodante estuvo inactiva durante varios meses y que un viaje familiar en casa rodante a Colorado se interrumpió una semana debido a problemas mecánicos de la casa rodante. Otras pruebas indicaron que el valor de alquiler de un vehículo comparable era de unos 155 dólares por semana.

El tribunal en el caso de Murray dijo que los compradores podrían recuperar su pérdida de uso al mostrar sus gastos de bolsillo reales al tratar con el incumplimiento del vendedor o al mostrar cuánto se habría utilizado su vehículo si no hubiera sido por el defectos, junto con el valor de ese uso.

Conclusión

Si otro conductor causó el accidente, pida a su seguro que le consiga un coche de alquiler. Si tuviste la culpa, obtén el auto alquilado a través de tu seguro, pero solo si tienes cobertura de auto alquilado.

Si tiene derecho a un automóvil del seguro del conductor culpable, es posible que no se lo proporcionen por varias razones. Si esto sucede, es posible que tenga un reclamo por «pérdida de uso». Esto es cierto si puede demostrar que habría usado el automóvil y cuánto le habría costado alquilar uno de reemplazo. Si perdió ingresos por no tener automóvil, entonces puede probar y recuperar los ingresos perdidos.

Descargo de responsabilidad

Este artículo se proporciona únicamente con fines informativos y debe buscar asesoramiento legal de un abogado en el estado donde vive acerca de sus derechos legales específicos.

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A Superbrand of Sport – Animals, Politicians and the Survival of a Century-old Symbol

This is the story of a brand which has matured over the past 100 years into a global superbrand and an example of the power of branding regardless of time, politics, race or culture. It helped heal the wounds after a bitter war over a century ago and caused national sportsmen to rebel against their own governments and later united a nation after apartheid was dismantled and, as a result, yielded what is widely viewed as one of the 100 Greatest Sporting Moments in history. Today, after repeated onslaughts by politicians with racial quota systems and unsuccessful threats to change its name, the brand has emerged stronger than ever, and stands proudly for winners and the ultimate respect a sporting side could earn: world champions.

The origins of the Springbok name and brandmark

The South Africa national rugby union team, commonly referred to as the Springboks or Boks for short in English, Springbokke or Bokke for short in Afrikaans and Amabokoboko in Zulu, has won the Rugby World Cup twice (1995 and 2007) and is currently ranked number one in the International Rugby Board (IRB) World Rankings.

The Springboks play in green and gold jerseys, and officially their emblems are the Springbok, a South African antelope which is also South Africa’s national animal, and the king protea, South Africa’s national flower. The Springbok (Afrikaans and Dutch: spring = jump; bok = antelope or goat) is a medium-sized brown and white gazelle standing about 75 cm high. They can reach running speeds of up to 80 kilometres per hour. The Latin name marsupialis derives from a pocket-like skin flap extending along the middle of the back from the tail onwards.

When the male springbok shows off his strength and fitness to attract a mate, or to ward off predators, he starts off in a stiff-legged trot, leaping with an arched back into the air (up to nearly three metres) every few paces, and lifting the flap along his back. That makes the long white hairs under the tail stand up in a conspicuous fan shape. This ritual is known as pronking in Afrikaans or «strutting», meaning to boast or show off.

Springbok inhabit the dry inland areas of south and south-western Africa. They used to be very common, forming some of the largest herds of mammals ever witnessed, when millions of migrating Springbok formed herds hundreds of kilometres long. Extensive hunting and farm fences, which blocked their migratory routes have significantly diminished their numbers. Springbok get their water needs from the food they eat, and can survive without drinking water through dry seasons or even dry years.

The springbok was a national symbol of South Africa under white minority rule (including the period prior to the establishment of apartheid) and appeared on the emblem of the South African Air Force, the brandmark of South African Airways (for which it remains their radio call sign) and the coat of arms of South Africa. These have since been replaced by new designs.

Historically, the term Springbok was given to any team or individual representing South Africa in any international sporting competitions. The Springbok emblem was dropped in favour of the king protea when South Africa’s first democratic government came into power in 1994. However, the rugby union team kept the name and brandmark of the Springbok after the intervention of the then President, Nelson Mandela, who did so as a gesture of goodwill to the mainly white and largely Afrikaner rugby supporters. The South African cricket side is now commonly referred to as the Proteas.

The Springboks have played international rugby since 1891 when a British Isles side toured South Africa. At that time, the South African rugby team had worn myrtle green shirts, which the then captain borrowed from his Old Diocesan club. Rugby was so popular that in 1902 there was a temporary ceasefire in the Anglo-Boer War so that a game could be played between the British and Boer forces. The Anglo-Boer War was waged from 1899 until 1902 between the British Empire and the two independent Boer republics of the South African Republic (Transvaal Republic) and the Orange Free State. The game had spread among the Afrikaner population through prisoner-of-war games during the Anglo-Boer War.

The Springbok name and brandmark also date from the 1906-1907 tour of Britain, a trip which helped heal wounds after the Anglo-Boer War and instilled a sense of national pride among South Africans. To prevent the British press from inventing their own name for the South African rugby side, the team captain chose the Springbok to represent his side. After this, the emblem was worn on the left breast pocket of team blazers.

The 1976 Soweto riots and rebel tours

By the Second World War, New Zealand and South Africa had established themselves as rugby’s two greatest teams. In 1976, the All Blacks tour – shortly after the Soweto riots – attracted international condemnation and 28 countries boycotted the 1976 Summer Olympics in protest. The next year, the Commonwealth of Nations signed the Gleneagles Agreement that discouraged any sporting contact with South Africa. Due to growing international pressure, the segregated South African rugby unions merged in 1977.

In 1986, a rebel tour took place, in response to the scrapping of the planned All Black tour of South Africa after an interdict by the New Zealand High Court in 1985. The team was called the Cavaliers (but advertised in South Africa as the All Blacks) was not sanctioned by the New Zealand Rugby Football Union, but consisted of all but two of the original squad selected.

In 1989, a World XV sanctioned by the International Rugby Board went on a mini-tour of South Africa. All the traditional rugby nations, bar New Zealand, supplied players to the team, which consisted of 10 Welshmen, eight Frenchmen, six Australians, four Englishmen, one Scot and one Irishman.

Although South Africa was instrumental in creating the Rugby World Cup competition, the Springboks did not compete in the first two World Cups in 1987 and 1991 because of the anti-apartheid sporting boycotts of South Africa. From 1990 to 1991, the legal apparatus of apartheid was dismantled and the Springboks were readmitted to international rugby in 1992.

One of the 100 Greatest Sporting Moments

The team made its World Cup debut in 1995, when the newly democratic South Africa hosted the tournament and there was a remarkable surge of support for the Springboks among the white and black communities in the lead-up to the tournament. This was the first major event to be held in what Archbishop Desmond Tutu had dubbed «the Rainbow Nation», with South Africans uniting behind the «one team, one country» slogan. The Springboks defeated the All Blacks in the final, which is now remembered as an iconic moment in the history of the sport, and a watershed moment in the post-apartheid nation-building process.

Nelson Mandela, wearing a Springbok rugby jersey and baseball cap, presented the World Cup to the South African captain, Francois Pienaar, a white Afrikaner, to the joy of the capacity crowd. The moment is thought by some to be one of the most famous finals of any sport and was listed as one of the 100 Greatest Sporting Moments on a British television programme. The gesture was widely seen as a major step towards the reconciliation of white and black South Africans. Notably, the day after the World Cup victory, the Zulu word for Springbok, Amabokoboko, appeared as the headline of the Sowetan‘s sports page.

A series of crises followed from 1995 to 1997, with allegations by politicians that South African rugby was an unreformed element of the new Rainbow Nation. In July 2006, Springbok coach Jake White told the press he had been unable to pick some white players for his squad «because of transformation» – a reference to the ANC government’s policies of attempting to redress the racial imbalances in national sport.

The Springboks won the World Cup for a second time in 2007 and joined Australia as the only other national team to have won the trophy twice. This also proved the southern hemisphere’s dominance, with five out of six titles to date.

South Africa’s World Cup-winning side of 1995 fielded only one non-white player. This trend continued in the team’s biggest matches of the 1999 and 2003 World Cups and, in the 2007 World Cup final, the team fielded only two non-white players. Despite a quota system intended to encourage provincial teams to field non-white players, and the fact that there are more non-white than white rugby players in South Africa, many politicians believed that the pace of transformation was too slow. South African Rugby Union president Oregan Hoskins thought there were too few non-white players in the 2007 World Cup squad and, in 2008, the first non-white coach was appointed. The political pressure on rugby coaches and administrators to select non-white players has been strong and, as a result, 16 of the 35 new Springboks appointed by former coach Jake White were non-white.

Politicians will always loose the battle with the brand

In late 2008, the Springbok brand again came under fire from politicians. The parliamentary sports committee of the ruling African National Congress (ANC) made some radical comments and demanded that the Springbok emblem and name be dropped in favour of the king protea. This sparked an outcry from supporters of the national rugby team, which is a source of deep pride, especially to Afrikaners. Some people argue that racial barriers were broken in 1995 after South Africa’s victory, when former president Nelson Mandela lifted the World Cup trophy while wearing a Springbok jersey, but the committee remarked that Mandela’s action was a matter of convenience rather than conviction.

No doubt, this latest debate has had a lot to do with the recent ANC split and with the resultant newly formed Congress of the People (COPE) party emerging as the latest opposition in the elections held in South Africa in April 2009. COPE was founded by former ANC members after the ANC’s national conference in 2007 resulted in the election of Jacob Zuma over Thabo Mbeki, the then South African President, as the ANC president.

The split also revealed underlying ethnic tensions between Zulu and Xhosa speakers, represented by Jacob Zuma and Thabo Mbeki, respectively, and their different philosophies. Mbeki pursued neoliberal economic policies and Zuma, who would become the future President of South Africa, was more left-wing and populist and has a closer relationship with the popular Congress of South African Trade Unions and the South African Communist Party.

While we are on the subject of politics and name changes, why was South Africa not renamed Azania after the 1994 elections? Azania was at the time the name of choice among revolutionary black African nationalists, and it appeared in the names of revolutionary groups such as the Azanian People’s Organisation (AZAPO), the Pan Africanist Congress of Azania and the Socialist Party of Azania. The truth is that the ANC had always been opposed to this name because of its association with the Pan Africanist Congress of Azania, which had split from the ANC.

And why was the poorly performing Bafana Bafana (the Boys), South Africa’s official national soccer team, not renamed the Proteas? It was rumoured that England coach Sven-Göran Eriksson had been offered US$3-million (ZAR30-million) to coach Bafana Bafana for the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa. Instead, the former Brazil coach, Carlos Alberto Parreira, landed the contract for US$10-million (ZAR100-million) but resigned in April 2008 for «family reasons».

The latest Springbok debacle is a case of some ignorant and very confused politicians trying to score brownie points at the expense of South Africa and a global brand born more than a century ago. Apartheid officially died in 1994 and if the Springbok brand was seen as part of that era, it would have been scrapped then. How can it still be offensive 15 years later? Proof of the brand’s popularity among black South Africans is that more Springbok apparel and memorabilia are sold in Soweto, South Africa’s biggest black township, than in the predominantly white suburbs of Johannesburg.

Silas Nkanunu, former SARU president and one of the first blacks to be appointed to this position, stated in an interview with Agence France-Presse (AFP) in December 2008 that he believed changing the Springbok brand would not address the real issues affecting the sport’s development and its promotion among blacks. «The move smacks of political power play. Black clubs are in dire need of financial assistance, which is slowing the development of talent,» said Nkanunu.

The truth is that the Springbok brand has become a superbrand in the global sport world, is untouchable and has transcended politics and the politicians. It earns millions of dollars in sponsorship deals and, fortunately, it does not legally belong to the South African government but to the SA Rugby Union (SARU), previously known as the SA Rugby Football Union (SARFU), which registered the trademark in 1996. The global audience does not view the Springbok brand as a political symbol but as a great sport icon, one that epitomises world champions and an undeniable national passion for rugby.

Moreover, the rough and tumble game of rugby is difficult to associate with a feminine floral symbol such as the protea, and the symbol of a flower would be incongruent with the brand. Next, the politicians may want to change the jerseys to a powder pink to match the colour of the king protea. Wait, I am wrong! The current colours for the Springboks, Bafana Bafana and the Proteas are green and golden yellow, which, it just so happens, are the colours of the ruling ANC party.

Politicians who have racial hang-ups should rather stay out of sport. Their involvement in a quota system has proved disastrous as is clear from the pathetic performance of South African athletes at the Beijing Olympics. After all, sport is about who is the best and wins. It is not about a quota system or who is the blackest or whitest. It takes a long time to train and coach great sportsmen and sportswomen and is not a political event like the typical unfair (s)election so common in Africa.

Today, South Africa plays in green jerseys with a gold collar, white shorts and green socks. Their jersey is embroidered with the SA Rugby brandmark and the flag of South Africa on the sleeve. In December 2008, the South African Rugby Union chose to go the dreaded co-branding route and to place the Protea on the left side of the Springboks’ jersey, in line with other South African national teams, and move the Springbok brandmark to the right of the jersey. The new jersey was worn for the first time during the British and Irish Lions tour of South Africa in June and July 2009. The funny thing is, nobody noticed the new blossom and the Springboks were even more popular than ever, especially after their series victory over the Lions.

Politicians should take note that it does not matter if the jersey has an intricate step-and-repeat-pattern all over it, containing thousands of proteas. The South African national rugby union team will always be referred to as the Springboks because the brand will always be stronger than the politicians, regardless of all their politicking.

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